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Quartz, made up of silica and oxygen, is one of the most common minerals on Earth. Billions of people use quartz every day, but few realize it because the tiny crystals they use are hidden in their watches and clocks. But what do the clear or whitish crystal rocks found all over the world have to do with keeping time? Some materials, such as certain ceramics and quartz crystals, can produce electricity when placed under mechanical stress., and vice versa The ability to convert voltage to and from mechanical stress is called piezoelectricity.

Inside a watch is a tiny piece of quartz that is shaped like a miniature tuning fork. When an electric current is passed into the quartz tuning fork, it vibrates at a high frequency, more than 32,000 times per second, and loses hardly any energy when it vibrates.

Watchmakers can translate this mechanical ticking using an electrical circuit into the ticks of a watch with very high precision. For digital watches, the vibrations of the quartz crystal are translated into seconds, minutes, hours, and days, whereas in manual watches, different formulas are used to translate the vibration of the crystal into the movements of the second, minute, and hour hands of the watch. Quartz is also used in radios, microprocessors, and many other technological and industrial applications.

Quartz makes for highly accurate timekeepers, but it's also cheaper to slip a bit of quartz into a watch than to manufacture a bunch of tiny, highly precise gears. While it's interesting to think that the quartz you find beautifying a landscaped lawn is also in your wristwatch, most of the quartz in electronics is synthetic, and specific quartzes can be created with specific frequencies for specific functions.

Quartz discs, or wafers, are made from high-quality fused quartz, ground and polished to optical grade on both sides. The discs are ideal for use as substrates for thin film research and are also suitable for many optical applications. Quartz wafers have excellent chemical resistance against a wide variety of solvents, as well as exceptional heat resistance, with high dimensional stability over a wide temperature range. They are available in sizes from 1" (25.4mm) to 4" (102mm) with the thickness of 1/16" (1.59mm) and 1/8" (3.18mm).